3000 bce onward, Mesopotamians used a calendar with months and years, which indicates that the Moon was studied at that early age. Much research remains to be done, because important sources remain unpublished and new questions have been posed to published sources.įrom ca. Modern research on Mesopotamian astral science began in the 19th century. The term “astral science” covers all forms of Mesopotamian scholarly engagement with celestial entities, including celestial divination and astrology. In all Mesopotamian sources concerning the Moon and the planets, be they textual or iconographical, the astronomical, astrological, and religious aspects are intertwined. In ancient Mesopotamia, all five planets visible to the naked eye were known and studied, along with the Moon, the Sun, the stars, and other celestial phenomena.
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